Age of the Dinosaurs essays

Age of the Dinosaurs essays The "Age of Dinosaurs" also known as the Mesozoic Era began over 245 million years ago. It was divided into three periods call the Triassic (245 to 208 million years ago), Jurassic (208 to 145 million years ago), and the Cretaceous (145 to 66 million years ago). The earth during the Mesozoic Era was very different than it is today. The earth was only one continent whereas today it is seven. This huge super-continent was called Pangea. During the Jurassic period Pangea was separated into two continents known as Laurasia and Gondwanaland, and during the Cretaceous period, the continents as we know them today began to appear. Just as in the future the continents we look much different as know them now. Evidence show that at the beginning of the Triassic period, before the dinosaurs appeared, the global temperature of the Earth was averaged around 50 degrees to 60 degrees Fahrenheit. Although the end of the period the temperature became hotter and the humidity became drier. Desserts also began to appear. Ginkgo trees and fern forests began to appear in the Northern Hemisphere while close to the equator conifer forests and cycads appeared. Horsetails grew near bodies of water. Volcano's spewed out great lava flows. In this setting the first dinosaurs began to appear. They were primitive mammal-like reptiles. Many animals such as the Pelycosauria, became extinct, and these similar reptile appears. The carnivorous Cynognathus, a four-legged animal with sharp teeth and large fangs took the Pelycosaurai's place. This dinosaur could take a more nearly upright posture at times, in sharp contrast to the pelycoaurs and the labrinthodonts. The Cynognathus, in anatomy, was actually more like a mammal itself. It even might have been warm blooded and live bearing. As the Triassic period unfolded, the therapsid assemblage declined and new animal life forms appeared. These were the first of the din ...

Characteristics of Heart Urchins, or Sea Potatoes

Characteristics of Heart Urchins, or Sea Potatoes Heart urchins (also called spatangoid urchins or sea potatoes) get their name from their heart-shaped test, or skeleton. These are urchins in the order Spatangoida. Description Heart urchins are relatively small animals that are usually not more than a few  inches in diameter.  They look a little like a cross between an urchin and a sand dollar.  The oral surface (the bottom) of these animals is flat, while the aboral surface (the top) is convex, rather than dome-shaped like a normal urchin.   Like other urchins, heart urchins have spines covering their tests.  These spines may be a variety of colors, including brown, yellowish-brown, green, and red. The spines are used for movement, including helping the urchin burrow into the sand.  These urchins are also known as irregular urchins because they have an oval-shaped test, thus they are not round like typical urchins - such as the green sea urchin.   Heart urchins have tube feet  that extend from petal-shaped grooves in their test called ambulacral grooves. The tube feet are used for respiration (breathing).  They also have pedicellariae. The mouth (peristome) is located on the bottom of the urchin, toward the front edge.  Their anus (periproct) is located on the opposite end of their body.   Heart Urchin Relatives Heart urchins are animals in the Class Echinoidea, which means they are related to sea urchins and sand dollars. They are also  echinoderms, which means they belong to the same phylum as  sea stars  (starfish) and sea cucumbers. Classification Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: EchinodermataClass: Echinoidea Order:  Spatangoida Feeding Heart urchins feed by  using their  tube feet to gather organic particles in the sediment and in the water around them. The particles are then transported to the mouth. Habitat and Distribution Heart urchins may be found in various habitats, from shallow  tide pools and sandy bottoms to the deep sea. They are often found in groups. Heart urchins burrow in the sand, with their front end pointing downward. They may burrow as much as 6-8 inches  deep.  So that the heart urchin continues  to receive oxygen, their tube feed can continuously move the sand above them, creating a shaft of water. Heart urchins live primarily in shallow waters less than 160 feet deep, although they may be found in waters of up to 1,500 feet deep.  Since these are burrowing animals, heart urchins are not often seen alive, but their tests may wash ashore.   Reproduction There are male and female heart urchins. They reproduce sexually through external fertilization. During this process, males and females release sperm and eggs into the water. After an egg is fertilized, a  planktonic larvae forms, which eventually settles to the ocean bottom and develops into the heart urchin shape.   Conservation and Human Uses Threats to heart urchins can include pollution and trampling by beach visitors.   Sources Coloumbe, D. A. 1984. The Seaside Naturalist: a Guide to Study at the Seashore. Simon Schuster. 246pp.Marine Species Identification Portal. Red Heart Urchin. Interactive Guide to Caribbean Diving.Marshall Cavendish Corporation. 2004.  Encyclopedia of the Aquatic World.Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce. Heart Urchins.